IJCS | Volume 33, Nº1, January / February 2019

27 Table 1 - Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients enrolled in the study Characteristics MS group (n = 17) MI group (n = 17) p-value Age (years) 47.60 ± 15.10 40.10 ± 13.90 0.100 Gender (n/%) Male 6/35.30% 3/17.60% 0.200 Female 11/64.70% 14/82.4% Weight (kg) 71.90 ± 13.40 60.70 ± 10.1 0.010* Hight (cm) 1.62 ± 0.09 1.61 ± 0.06 0.600 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 27.10 ± 3.70 23.30 ± 3.90 0.007* Diagnosis (n/%) Mitral insufficiency 10/58.80% 6/35.30% 0.400 OSASD 4/23.50% 6/35.30% OPASD 1/5.90% 1/5.90% SVASD 1/5.90% 0/0.00% PFO 0/0.00% 1/5.90% Mitral stenosis 1/5.90% 3/17.60% Comorbidities (n/%) Smoking 1/5.90% 1/5.90% 1.000 Drinking 0/0.00% 2/11.80% 0.300 Systemic arterial hypertension 10/58.80% 3/17.60% 0.010* Diabetes mellitus 1/5.90% 1/5.90% 1.000 Stroke 1/5.90% 0/0.00% 1.000 Transient ischemic attack 0/0.00% 1/5.90% 1.000 COPD 0/0.00% 0/0.00% Dyslipidemia 1/5.90% 0/0.00% 1.000 Thrombolysis 1/5.90% 0/0.00% 1.000 MS: median sternotomy; MI: minimally invasive; n: number of patients; %: frequency; OSASD: ostium secundum atrial septal defect; OPASD: ostium primum atrial septal defect; SVASD: sinus venosus atrial septal defect; PFO: patent foramen ovale; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. *p < 0.05 between groups by unpaired Student’s t-test for continuous variables and z test for categorical variables. Silva et al. Minimally invasive surgery–pain investigation Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020;33(1):24-33 Original Article Themain sites of painwere those related to the surgical incision site. The upper area of the sternum (around the manubrium) was more painful for the MS group and the right submammary region was more painful for the MI group (Table 3). PI was different between the groups. The MS group had more intense pain than the MI group on the third PO day and on the seventh PO day. The MS group showed a mean of 5.3 ± 2.0 of maximal PO thoracic PI three days after the procedure, which was not significantly decreased on the seventh day after the surgical procedure (4.8 ± 2.2; p = 0.4931). The maximum PI reported by MI patients was significantly (p = 0.001) decreased from the third (3.0 ± 1.6) to the seventh PO day (1.2 ± 1.3). The comparison between groups demonstrated that the postoperative PI was higher and lasted longer in the MS group than in the MI group (p = 0.001) (Figure 2). These data were in accordance with the medical necessity to control the symptoms. On the 3 rd PO day, all