IJCS | Volume 32, Nº4, July/August 2019

390 7. Grundvold I, Skretteberg PT, Liestøl K, Erikssen G, Engeseth K, Gjesdal K, et al. Low heart rates predict incident atrial fibrillation in healthy middle-aged men. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013;6(4):726-31. 8. Mokhayeri Y, Hashemi-Nazari SS,MansourniaMA, Soori H, Khodakarim S. The association between physical activity and atrial fibrillation applying the Heaviside function in survival analysis: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017024. 9. Morseth B, Graff-Iversen S, Jacobsen BK, Jørgensen L, Nyrnes A, Thelle DS, et al. Physical activity, resting heart rate, and atrial fibrillation: the Tromsø Study. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(29):2307–13. 10. Mozaffarian D, Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Siscovick D. Physical Activity and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study: Mozaffarian-Physical activity and atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2008;118(8):800–7. 11. MyrstadM, LøchenM-L, Graff-Iversen S, Gulsvik AK, Thelle DS, Stigum H, et al. Increased risk of atrial fibrillation among elderly Norwegian men with a history of long-term endurance sport practice. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(4):e238–e244. 12. Qureshi WT, Alirhayim Z, Blaha MJ, Juraschek SP, Keteyian SJ, Brawner CA, et al. Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation. Results from the Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) Project. Circulation. 2015;131(21):1827-34. 13. Everett BM, Conen D, Buring JE, Moorthy MV, Lee IM, Albert CM. Physical Activity and the Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Women. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2011;4(3):321-7. 14. Williams PT, Franklin BA. Reduced Incidence of Cardiac Arrhythmias in Walkers and Runners. Plos One. 2013;8(6):e65302. 15. Drca N, Wolk A, Jensen-Urstad M, Larsson SC. Atrial fibrillation is associated with different levels of physical activity levels at different ages in men. Heart. 2014;100(13):1037–42. 16. Larsson SC, Drca N, Jensen-Urstad M, Wolk A. Combined impact of healthy lifestyle factors on risk of atrial fibrillation: Prospective study in men and women. Int J Cardiol. 2016 jan 15;203,46–9. 17. Ofman P, Khawaja O, Rahilly-Tierney CR, Peralta A, Hoffmeister P, ReynoldsMR, et al. Regular physical activity and risk of atrial fibrillation. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013;6(2):252-6. 18. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008. To the secretary of health and human services. Part a: executive summary. Nutr Rev. 2009; 67(2):114-20. 19. Kapa S, Asirvatham SJ. A MET a day keeps arrhythmia at bay: the association between exercise or cardiorespiratory fitness and atrial fibrillation. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(5):545–50. 20. Luo N, Merrill P, Parikh KS, Whellan DJ, Piña IL, Fiuzat M, et al. Exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure and atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(13):1683–91. 21. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, de Jesus JM, Houston Miller N, Hubbard VS, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(Suppl 2):S76–99. 22. Malmo V, Nes BM, Amundsen BH, Tjonna AE, Stoylen A, Rossvoll O, et al. Aerobic interval training reduces the burden of atrial fibrillation in the short term: a randomized trial. Circulation. 2016;133(5):466–73. 23. Proietti M, Boriani G, Laroche C, Diemberger I, PopescuMI, Rasmussen LH, et al. Self-reported physical activity and major adverse events in patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the EURObservational Research Programmed Pilot Survey on Atrial Fibrillation (EORP-AF) General Registry. Europace. 2017;19(4):535–43. 24. Hegbom F, StavemK, Sire S, Heldal M, Orning OM, Gjesdal K. Effects of short-term exercise training on symptoms and quality of life in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2007;116(1):86–92. 25. Plisiene J, Blumberg A, Haager G, Knackstedt C, Latsch J, Norra C, et al. Moderate physical exercise: a simplified approach for ventricular rate control in older patients with atrial fibrillation. Clin Res Cardiol. 2008;97(11):820–6. 26. Anderson L, Taylor R. Cardiac rehabilitation for people with heart disease: An overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Int J Cardiol. 2014;177(2):348-61. 27. Giacomantonio NB, Bredin SS, Foulds HJ, Warburton DE. A systematic review of the health benefits of exercise rehabilitation in persons living with atrial fibrillation. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29(4)483-91. 28. Pathak RK, Mahajan R, Lau DH, Sanders P. The implications of obesity for cardiac arrhythmia mechanisms and management. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31(2):203–10. 29. Huxley RR, Misialek JR, Agarwal SK, Loehr LR, Soliman EZ, Chen LY, et al. Physical activity, obesity, weight change, and risk of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7(4):620–5. 30. Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Meredith M, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Wong CX, et al. Long-Term Effect of Goal-Directed Weight Management in an Atrial Fibrillation Cohort: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study (LEGACY). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(20):2159–69. 31. Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Lau DH, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Twomey D, et al. Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: the ARREST-AF cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(21):2222–31. 32. Abed HS, Wittert GA, Leong DP, Shirazi MG, Bahrami B, Middeldorp ME, et al. Effect of weight reduction and cardiometabolic risk factor management on symptom burden and severity in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;310(19):2050–60. 33. Skielboe AK, Bandholm TQ, Hakmann S, Mourier M, Kallemose T, Dixen U. Cardiovascular exercise and burden of arrhythmia in patients with atrial fibrillation - A randomized controlled trial. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0170060. 34. Vanderlei LCM, Pastre CM, Hoshi RA, Carvalho TD, GodoyMF. Noções básicas de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e sua aplicabilidade clínica. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2009;24(2):205-17. 35. Greenland P, Daviglus ML, Dyer AR, Liu K, Huang CF, Goldberger JJ, et al. Resting heart rate is a risk factor for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(9):853-62. 36. Aubert AE, Beckers F, Ramaekers D. Short-term heart rate variability in Young athletes. J Cardiol. 2001;37(Suppl 1):S85-8. 37. Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Forti VAM, Catai AM, Szrajer JS, Golfeti R, Martins LEB, et al. Cardiorespiratory adaptations induced by aerobic training in middle-agemen: the importance of a decrease in sympathetic stimulation for the contribution of dynamic exercise tachycardia. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1998;31(5):705-12. 38. Uusitalo ALT, Uusitalo AJ, Ruscko HK. Exhaustive endurance training for 6-9 weeks did not change in intrinsic heart rate and cardiac autonomic modulation in female athletes. Int J Sports Med. 1998;19(8):532-40. 39. Bonaduce D, Petretta M, Cavallaro V, Apicella C, Ianniciello A, Romano M, et al. Intensive training and cardiac autonomic control in high level athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(5):691-6. 40. Catai AM, Chacon-Mikahil MP, Martinelli FS, Forti VAM, Silva E, Golfetti R, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise training on heart rate variability during wakefulness and sllep and cardiorespiratory responses of Young and middle-age healthy men. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2002;35(6):741-52. Garlipp et al. Physical activity and atrial fibrillation Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2019;32(4):384-390 Original Article This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License