IJCS | Volume 32, Nº1, January/ February 2019

18 6. Horreau C, Pouplard C, Brenaut E, Barnetche T, Misery L, Cribier B, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27 Suppl 3:12-29. 7. Papagoras C, Markatselia TE, Saougoub I, Alamanos Y, Zikou AK, Voulgari PV, et al. Cardiovascular risk profile in patients with spondyloarthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81(1):57-63. 8. Prati C, Claudepierre P, Pham T, Wendling D. Mortality in spondylarthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2011;78(5):466-70. 9. Peters MJ, Symmons DP, Mccarey D, Dijkmans BA, Nicola P, Kvien TK, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(2):325-31. 10. Mathieu S, Gossec L, Dougados M, Soubrier M. Cardiovascular profile in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review andmeta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(4):557-63. 11. Han C, Robinson DW Jr, Hackett MV, Paramore LC, Fraeman KH, Bala MV. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2006;33(11):2167-72. 12. Rodrigues CM, Vieira WP, Bortoluzzo AB, Gonçalves CR, Da Silva JA, Ximenes AC, et al. Low prevalence of renal, cardiac, pulmonary, and neurological extra-articular clinical manifestations in spondyloarthritis: analysis of the Brazilian Registry of Spondyloarthritis. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2012;52(3):375-83. 13. Skare TL, Verceze GC, Oliveira AA, Perreto S. Carotid intima-media thickness in spondyloarthritis patients. Sao PauloMed J. 2013;131(2):100-5. 14. Valente RL, Valente JM, De Castro RR, Zimmermann AF, Fialho SC, Pereira IA. Subclinical atherosclerosis in ankylosing spondylitis: is there a role for inflammation? Rev Bras Reumatol. 2013;53(5):377-81. 15. Xavier HT, Izar MC, Faria Neto JR, Assad MH, Rocha VZ, Sposito AC, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. [V Brazilian Guidelines on dyslipidemias and prevention of atherosclerosis]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;101(4 Suppl 1):1-20. 16. Machado P, Landewé R, Lie E, Kvien TK, Braun J, Baker D, et al; Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society. Activity states and improvement scores (ASDAS): defining cut-off values for disease Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(1):47-53. 17. Shott S. Statistics for health professionals. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1990. 18. Mason JC, Libby P. Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic inflammation: mechanisms underlying premature cardiovascular events in rheumatologic conditions. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(8):482-9c. 19. Üstün N, Kurt M, Atci N, Yağiz E, Güler H, Turhanoğlu A. Increased epicardial fat tissue is a marker of subclinic atherosclerosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Arch Rheumatol. 2014;29(4):267-72. 20. Mathieu S, Jean-Jacques Dubost JJ, Tournadre A, Malochet-Guinamand S, Ristori JM, Soubrier M. Effects of 14 weeks of TNF alpha blockade treatment on lipid profile in ankylosing spondylitis Joint Bone Spine. 2010;77(1):50-2. 21. TamL, Tomlinson B, Chu T, Li M, Leung Y, Kwok L, et al. Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with psoriatic arthritis compared to controls--the role of inflammation. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(5):718-23. 22. Gupta N, Saigal R, Goyal L, Agrawal A, Bhargava R, Agrawal A. Carotid intima media thickness as a marker of atherosclerosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Int J Rheumatol. 2014;2014:839135. 23. Cece H, Yazgan P, Karakas P, Karakas O, Demirkol A, Toru I, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and paraoxonase activity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Invest Med. 2011;34(4):E225. Silva Junior et al. Cardiovascular disease and ankylosing spondylitis Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2019;32(1)10-18 Original Article This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License