IJCS | Volume 31, Nº5, September / October 2018

542 11. Grunfeld C, Delaney JA, Wanke C, Currier JS, Scherzer R, Biggs ML, et al. Preclinical atherosclerosis due to HIV infection: carotid intima-medial thicknessmeasurements from the FRAMstudy. AIDS. 2009;23(14):1841-9. 12. da Cunha J, Maselli LM, Stern AC, Spada C, Bydlowski SP. Impact of antiretroviral therapy on lipid metabolism of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Old and newdrugs. World J Virol. 2015;4(2):56-77. 13. Smith CJ, Ryom L, Weber R, Morlat P, Pradier C, Reiss P, et al. Trends in underlying causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011 (D:A:D): a multicohort collaboration. Lancet. 2014;384(9939):241-8. 14. Raposeiras-Roubin S, Triant V. Ischemic Heart Disease in HIV: An In-depth Look at Cardiovascular Risk. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2016;69(12):1204-13. 15. Manga P, McCutcheon K, Tsabedze N, Vachiat A, Zachariah D. HIV and Nonischemic Heart Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(1):83-91. 16. Tseng ZH, Secemsky EA, Dowdy D, Vittinghoff E, Moyers B, Wong JK, et al. Sudden cardiac death in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(21):1891-6. 17. Group DADS, Sabin CA, Worm SW, Weber R, Reiss P, El-Sadr W, et al. Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multi- cohort collaboration. Lancet. 2008;371(9622):1417-26. 18. Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(7):2506-12. 19. Mary-Krause M, Cotte L, Simon A, Partisani M, Costagliola D, Clinical Epidemiology Group from the French Hospital D. Increased risk of myocardial infarction with duration of protease inhibitor therapy in HIV-infected men. AIDS. 2003;17(17):2479-86. 20. Losina E, Hyle EP, Borre ED, Linas BP, Sax PE, Weinstein MC, et al. Projecting 10-year, 20-year and Lifetime Risks of Cardiovascular Disease in Persons Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States .Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(8):1266-71. 21. Friis-Moller N, Weber R, Reiss P, Thiebaut R, Kirk O, d'Arminio Monforte A, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients- -association with antiretroviral therapy. Results from the DAD study. AIDS. 2003;17(8):1179-93. 22. Sani MU, Okeahialam BN. QTc interval prolongation in patients with HIV and AIDS. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97(12):1657-61. 23. Villa A, Foresti V, Confalonieri F. Autonomic neuropathy and prolongation of QT interval in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Auton Res. 1995;5(1):48-52. 24. Wongcharoen W, Suaklin S, Tantisirivit N, Phrommintikul A, Chattipakorn N. QT dispersion in HIV-infected patients receiving combined antiretroviral therapy. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2014;19(6):561-6. 25. McIntosh RC. A meta-analysis of HIV and heart rate variability in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Clin Auton Res. 2016;26(4):287-94. 26. Lebech AM, Kristoffersen US, Mehlsen J, Wiinberg N, Petersen CL, Hesse B, et al. Autonomic dysfunction in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: studies of heart rate variability. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2007;27(6):363-7. 27. Sitbon O, Lascoux-Combe C, Delfraissy JF, Yeni PG, Raffi F, De Zuttere D, et al. Prevalence of HIV-related pulmonary arterial hypertension in the current antiretroviral therapy era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(1):108-13. 28. Sliwa K, Carrington MJ, Becker A, Thienemann F, Ntsekhe M, Stewart S. Contribution of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic to de novo presentations of heart disease in theHeart of Soweto Study cohort. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(7):866-74. 29. Thienemann F, Sliwa K, Rockstroh JK. HIV and the heart: the impact of antiretrovi raltherapy:aglobalperspective.EurHeartJ .2013;34(46):3538-46. 30. Bloomfield GS, Leung C. Cardiac Disease Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Cardiol Clin. 2017;35(1):59-70. 31. Nunes H, Humbert M, Sitbon O, Morse JH, Deng Z, Knowles JA, et al. Prognostic factors for survival in human immunodeficiency virus- associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(10):1433-9. 32. Cerrato E, D'Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Calcagno A, Frea S, Grosso Marra W, et al. Cardiac dysfunction in pauci symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus patients: a meta-analysis in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(19):1432-6. 33. Amado Costa L, Almeida AG. Patologia cardiovascular associada ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Rev Port Cardiol. 2015;34(7):479-91. 34. Twagirumukiza M, Nkeramihigo E, Seminega B, Gasakure E, Boccara F, Barbaro G. Prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy in HIV-infected African patients not receiving HAART: a multicenter, observational, prospective, cohort study in Rwanda. Curr HIV Res. 2007;5(1):129-37. 35. Monsuez JJ, Escaut L, Teicher E, Charniot JC, Vittecoq D. Cytokines in HIV-associated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2007;120(2):150-7. 36. NtsekheM, Mayosi BM. Tuberculous pericarditis with andwithout HIV. Heart Fail Rev. 2013;18(3):367-73. 37. Braza JM, Sullivan RJ, Bhargava P, Pantanowitz L, Dezube BJ. Images in HIV/AIDS. Pericardial primary effusion lymphoma. AIDS Read. 2007;17(5):250-2. 38. Vos AG, Idris NS, Barth RE, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Grobbee DE. Pro- Inflammatory Markers in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Infection. A Systematic Review. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147484. 39. Baker J, Ayenew W, Quick H, Hullsiek KH, Tracy R, Henry K, et al. High-density lipoprotein particles and markers of inflammation and thrombotic activity in patients with untreated HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(2):285-92. 40. Neuhaus J, Jacobs DR, Jr., Baker JV, Calmy A, Duprez D, La Rosa A, et al. Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(12):1788-95. 41. Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, De Wit S, Drummond F, Lane HC, et al. Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med. 2008;5(10):e203. 42. Triant VA, Meigs JB, Grinspoon SK. Association of C-reactive protein and HIV infection with acute myocardial infarction. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(3):268-73. 43. Ford ES, Greenwald JH, Richterman AG, Rupert A, Dutcher L, Badralmaa Y, et al. Traditional risk factors and D-dimer predict incident cardiovascular disease events in chronic HIV infection. AIDS. 2010;24(10):1509-17. 44. Tien PC, Choi AI, Zolopa AR, Benson C, Tracy R, Scherzer R, et al. Inflammation andmortality inHIV-infected adults: analysis of the FRAM study cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010 Nov;55(3):316-22. 45. Melendez MM, McNurlan MA, Mynarcik DC, Khan S, Gelato MC. Endothelial adhesion molecules are associated with inflammation in subjects with HIV disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(5):775-80. 46. Papasavvas E, Azzoni L, Pistilli M, Hancock A, Reynolds G, Gallo C, et al. Increased soluble vascular cell adhesionmolecule-1 plasma levels and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 during antiretroviral therapy interruption and retention of elevated soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 levels following resumption of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2008;22(10):1153-61. 47. Duprez DA, Kuller LH, Tracy R, Otvos J, Cooper DA, Hoy J, et al. Lipoprotein particle subclasses, cardiovascular disease and HIV infection. Atherosclerosis. 2009;207(2):524-9. 48. Kelesidis T, Currier JS. Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2014;43(3):665-84. Roever et al. HIV and cardiovascular disease Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018;31(5)538-543 Review Article

RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjM4Mjg=