IJCS | Volume 31, Nº5, September / October 2018

541 1. UNAIDS. Prevention Gap Report. 2016.[internet]. [Cited in 2017 April 10]. Available from: www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2016/ prevention-gap 2. Yarchoan R, Klecker RW, WeinholdKJ, MarkhamPD, LyerlyHK, Durack DT, et al. Administration of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, an inhibitor of HTLV-III/LAV replication, to patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex. Lancet. 1986;1(8481):575-80. 3. Srinivasa S, Grinspoon SK. Metabolic and body composition effects of newer antiretrovirals in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170(5):185-202. 4. Non LR, Escota GV, Powderly WG. HIV and its relationship to insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities. Transl Res. 2017 May;183:41-56. 5. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Colaborattion. Causes of death in HIV-1-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, 1996- 2006: collaborative analysis of 13 HIV cohort studies. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;15(10):1387-96. 6. Worm SW, De Wit S, Weber R, Sabin CA, Reiss P, El-Sadr W, et al. Diabetes mellitus, preexisting coronary heart disease, and the risk of subsequent coronary heart disease events in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D Study). Circulation. 2009;119(6):805-11. 7. Vidrine DJ, Kypriotakis G, Li L, Arduino RC, Fletcher FE, Tami-Maury I, et al. Mediators of a smoking cessation intervention for persons living with HIV/AIDS. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Feb 1;147:76-80. 8. da Silva CM, Mendoza-Sassi RA, da Mota LD, Nader MM, de Martinez AM. Alcohol use disorders among people living with HIV/AIDS in Southern Brazil: prevalence, risk factors and biological markers outcomes. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):263. 9. Currier JS. Update on cardiovascular complications in HIV infection. Top HIV Med. 2009;17(3):98-103. 10. Dube MP, Lipshultz SE, Fichtenbaum CJ, Greenberg R, Schecter AD, Fisher SD, et al. Effects of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy on the heart and vasculature. Circulation. 2008;118(2):e36-40. References Roever et al. HIV and cardiovascular disease Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018;31(5)538-543 Review Article risk factors for its development inHIV-infected people are similar to those in the general population, epidemiological studies have reported a prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus inHIV-infectedpeople ranging from3%to14%. 66-70 In addition, 35% to 63% have insulin resistance. 71-74 Diabetesmellitus can relate to the development of other diseases in HIV-infected people, such as neurocognitive changes, kidney failure and albuminuria. 75 In addition, it associates with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and consequent mortality. 76 The mechanisms leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected people remain to be explained. However, type 2 diabetes mellitus is known to be directly related to the accumulation of adipose tissue, an increase in proinflammatory cytokines (mainly TNF-alpha), and, thus, insulin resistance. 77,78 Therefore, physical exercise and/or dietary reeducation programs become important to prevent and treat that condition. Future perspectives Based on that information, programs of cardiovascular disease prevention are required. A recent study has suggested the use of cardiovascular disease stratification and prevention programs. 79 Thus, multidisciplinary care should be encouraged to significantly reduce the side effects of ART, and, consequently, ART-relatedmortality. 80 Conclusion The risk factors for cardiovascular diseases of HIV- infected people are similar to those of the general population. However, because of HIV infection and its treatment, those individuals are at higher risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In addition, the mechanisms by which HIV and ART lead to cardiovascular diseases are yet to be explained. Finally, prevention should be the first step to reduce the incidence of that type of disease in that population. Author contributions Writing of the manuscript: Zanetti HR, Roever L, Gonçalves A, Resende ES. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Zanetti HR, Roever L, Gonçalves A, Resende ES. Potential Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Sources of Funding There were no external funding sources for this study. Study Association This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Hugo Ribeiro Zanetti, from Universidade Federal de Uberlância. Ethics approval and consent to participate This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.