IJCS | Volume 31, Nº5, September / October 2018

536 Santos & Izidoro NLR in CVD risk assessment Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018;31(5)532-537 Review Article 1. Arredondo A, Aviles R. Costs and epidemiological changes of chronic diseases: implications and challenges for health systems. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0118611. 2. Deniz S, Şengül A, Aydemir Y, Çeldir Emre J, ÖzhanMH. Clinical factors and comorbidities affecting the cost of hospital-treatedCOPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016 Dec 2;11:3023-30. 3. Wong ND. Epidemiological studies of CHD and the evolution of preventive cardiology. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11(5):276-89. 4. Vasan RS. Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: molecular basis and practical considerations. Circulation. 2006;113(19):2335-62. 5. Osei-Bimpong A, McLean R, Bhonda E, Lewis SM. The use of the white cell count and haemoglobin in combination as an effective screen to predict the normality of the full blood count. Int J Lab Hematol. 2012;34(1):91-7. 6. BlumenreichMS. The white blood cell and differential count. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW. (editors). Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chap. 153. 7. Wigren M, Nilsson J, Kolbus D. Lymphocytes in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta. 2012;413(19-20):1562-8. 8. Song L, Leung C, Schindler C. Lymphocytes are important in early atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest. 2001;108(2):251-9. 9. Núñez J, Miñana G, Bodí V, Núñez E, Sanchis J, Husser O, et al. Low lymphocyte count and cardiovascular diseases. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(21):3226-33. 10. Amulic B, Cazalet C, Hayes GL, Metzler KD, Zychlinsky A. Neutrophil function: frommechanisms to disease. AnnuRev Immunol. 2012;30:459-89. 11. Soehnlein O. Multiple roles for neutrophils in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2012;110(6):875-88. 12. Naruko T, UedaM, Haze K, van der Wal AC, van der Loos CM, Itoh A, et al. Neutrophil infiltration of culprit lesions in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2002;106(23):2894-900. 13. Kruger P, Saffarzadeh M, Weber AN, Rieber N, Radsak M, von Bernuth H, et al. Neutrophils: between host defence, immune modulation, and tissue injury. PLOS Pathog. 2015;11(3):e1004651. 14. Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(3):159-75. 15. Carvalho LO, Aquino EN, Neves AC, Fontes W. The neutrophil nucleus and its role in neutrophilic function. J Cell Biochem. 2015;116(9):1831-6. 16. Tuttolomondo A, Di Raimondo D, Pecoraro R, Arnao V, Pinto A, Licata G. Atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(28):4266-88. 17. Frostegård J. Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. BMC Med. 2013 May 1;11:117. 18. Mason C. Venous thromboembolism: a chronic illness. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009;24(6 Suppl):S4-7. 19. Aksu K, Donmez A, Keser G. Inflammation-induced thrombosis: mechanisms, disease associations and management. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(11):1478-93. 20. Schuett H, Luchtefeld M, Grothusen C, Grote K, Schieffer B. Howmuch is too much? Interleukin-6 and its signalling in atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost. 2009;102(2):215-22. 21. Schieffer B, Selle T, Hilfiker A, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Grote K, Tietge UJ, et al. Impact of interleukin-6 on plaque development and morphology in experimental atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2004;110(22):3493-500. 22. Meletta R, Müller Herde A, Dennler P, Fischer E, Schibli R, Krämer SD. Preclinical imaging of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 with indium-111-labeled belatacept in atherosclerosis. EJNMMI Res. 2016;6(1):1. 23. Lutgens E, Lievens D, Beckers L, Donners M, Daemen M. CD40 and Its ligand in atherosclerosis. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2007;17(4):118-23. 24. Lievens D, Eijgelaar WJ, Biessen EAL, DaemenMJ, Lutgens E. The multi- functionality of CD40L and its receptor CD40 in atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost. 2009;102(2):206-14. 25. Hartman J, Frishman WH. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: a review of the role of interleukin-6 in the development of atherosclerosis and the potential for targeted drug therapy. Cardiol Rev. 2014;22(3):147-51. 26. Tamhane UU, Aneja S, Montgomery D, Rogers EK, Eagle KA, Gurm HS. Association between admission neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(6):653-7. 27. Açar G, Fidan S, Uslu ZA, Turkday S, Avci A, Alizade E, et al. Relationship of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio with the presence, severity, and extent of coronary atherosclerosis detected by coronary computed tomography angiography. Angiology. 2015;66(2):174-9. 28. KayaH, Ertas F, Islamoglu Y, Kaya Z, Atilgan ZA, Cil H, et al. Association between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and severity of coronary artery disease. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2014;20(1):50-4. 29. Paquissi FC. The role of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases: the predictive value of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as amarker in peripheral arterial disease. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016 May 27;12:851-60. 30. Nilsson L, Wieringa WG, Pundziute G, Gjerde M, Engvall J, Swahn E, et al. Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio is associated with non-calcified plaque burden in patients with coronary artery disease. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e108183. 31. Uysal HB, Dağlı B, Akgüllü C, Avcil M, Zencir C, Ayhan M, et al. Blood count parameters can predict the severity of coronary artery disease. Korean J Intern Med. 2016;31(6):1093-100. 32. Korkmaz A, Yildiz A, Gunes H, Duyuler S, Tuncez A. Utility of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in predicting troponin elevation in the emergency department setting. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2015;21(7):667-71. 33. Demir K, Avci A, Altunkeser BB, Yilmaz A, Keles F, Ersecgin A. The relation between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and coronary chronic total occlusions. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14:130. 34. Aygun F, Efe D. Association of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio with obstructive coronary artery disease and coronary artery calcium score detected by multislice computed tomography in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2015 Jul 17;9:1023-31. 35. Gary T, Pichler M, Belaj K, Hafner F, Gerger A, Froehlich H, et al. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Its Association with Critical Limb Ischemia in PAOD Patients. Pasterkamp G, editor. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56745. 36. Uthamalingam S, Patvardhan EA, Subramanian S, AhmedW, MartinW, DaleyM, et al. Utility of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in predicting long-termoutcomes in acute decompensated heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(3):433-8. 37. Acarturk G, Acay A, Demir K, Ulu MS, Ahsen A, Yuksel S. Neutrophil- to-lymphocyte ratio in inflammatory bowel disease - as a new predictor of disease severity. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2015;116(4):213-7. 38. Demir AK, Demirtas A, Kaya SU, Tastan I, Butun I, Sagcan M, et al. The relationship between the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2015;31(11):585-90. 39. Li H, Lu X, Xiong R, Wang S. High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts cardiovascular mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients. Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:9327136. 40. Andersen NN, Jess T. Risk of cardiovascular disease in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2014;5(3):359-65. References