IJCS | Volume 31, Nº4, July / August 2018

430 Jorge et al. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018;31(4)422-432 Review Article 3. Normam AW. From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. Am J ClinNutr. 2008;88(Suppl 2):491S-9S. PMID:1868389 4. Cantorna MT, Mahon BD. D-hormone and the immune system. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2005;76:11-20. PMID: 18689389 5. Li YC, Qiao G, Uskokovic M, Xiang W, Zheng W, Kong J. Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the rennin-angiotensin system and blood pressure. J Steroid BiochemMol Biol. 2004;89-90(1-5):387-92. Doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.004 6. Deeb KK, Trump DL, Johnson CS. Vitamin D signaling pathways in cancer: potential for anticancer therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007; 7(9):684-700. Doi: 10.1038/nrc2196 7. Wang TT, Tavera-Mendoza LE, Laperriere D, Libby E, MacLeod NB, Nagai Y, et al. Large-scale in silico and microarray-based identification of direct 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 target genes. Mol Endocrinol. 2005;19(11):2685-95. Doi:10.1210/me.2005-0106 8. Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;144(pPta):138-45. Doi:10.1016/jsbmb2013.11.003. 9. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Eng J Med. 2007;357(3):266-81. PMID:17634462 10. Maeda SS, Borba VZ, Camargo MB, Silva DM, Borges JL, Bandeira F, et al. et al. Recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM) para o diagnóstico e tratamento da hipovitaminose. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol.2014; 58(5):411-33. PMID:25166032 11. Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6 Suppl):1678S-88S. PMID: 15585788 12. Bikle D, Bouillon R, Thadhani R, Schoenmakers I. Vitamin Dmetabolites in captivity? Should we measure free or total 25(OH)D to assess vitamin D status? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2017173:105-16. Doi:10.1016/i. isbmb.2017.01.007 13. Somjen D, Wisman Y, Kohen F, Gayer B, Limor R, Sharon O, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 – 1alpha-hydroxylase is expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells and is up regulated by parathyroid hormone and estrogenic compounds. Circulation. 2005;111(13):1666-71. Doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000160353.27927.70 14. Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Verlinden L, van Elton E, Verstuyf A, Luderer HF, et al. Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr Rev. 2008;9(6):726-76. Doi: 10.1210/er.2008-0004 15. Al Mheid I, Quyyumi AA. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(1):89-100. Doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.031 16. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hnley DA, Hearney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7)1911-30. Doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385 17. Lee JH, O’Keefe JH, Bell D, VitaminDdeficiency. An important, common, and easily treatable cardiovascular risk factor? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(24):1949-56. Doi:10.016/j.jacc.2008.08.050 18. Connell JM, Mackenzie SM, Freel EM, Fraser R, Davies E. et al. A lifetime of aldosterone excess: long-term consequences of altered regulation of aldosterone production for cardiovascular function. Endocr. Rev. 2008; 29(2):133-54. Doi:10.1210/er.2007-0030 19. Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, Chen ZF, Liu SQ,Cao LP. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the rennin-angiotensin system. J Clin Invest.2002;110():229-38. Doi:10.1172/JCI15219 20. Yuan W , Pan W, Kong J, Zheng W, Szeto FL, Wong KE, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses renin gene transcription by blocking the activity of the cyclic AMP response element in the renin gene promoter. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(41):29821-30. Doi: 10.1074/jbc. m705495200 21. Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20(7):713-9. Doi: 10.1016/j. amjhyper2007.01.017 22. Judd SE, Nanes MS, Ziegler TR, Wilson PW,Tangpricha V .Optimal vitamin D status attenuates the age-associated increase in systolic blood pressure in white Americans: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 2008;87(1):136-41. PMID:18175747 23. Hintzpeter B, Mensink GB, Thierfelder W, Muller MJ, Scheidt-Nave C. Vitamin D status and health correlates among German adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(9):1079-89. Doi: 10.1007/s10620-007-9833-1 24. Hyppönen E, Boucher BJ, Berry DJ, Power C. 25-hydroxyvitamin D, IGF- 1, and metabolic syndrome at 45 years of age: a cross-sectional study in the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Diabetes. 2008;57(2):298-305. Doi: 10.2337/ db07-1122 25. Neves JPR , Silva AS, Morais LC, Diniz AS, CostaMJ, et al. Concentrações de 25-hidroxivitamina D e níveis pressóricos em idosos hipertensos. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2012; 56(7):415-22. PMID:23108745 26. Van Ballegooijen AJ, Kestenbaum B, Sachs MC, de Boer IH, Siscovick DS, Hoofenagle AN, et al. Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone with incident hypertension: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 63(12):1214-22. Doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.012 27. Pittas AG, Dawson-Hugues B. VitaminD and diabetes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;121(1-2):425-9. Doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.042 28. Mohr SB, Garland CF, GorhamED, Garland FC. The association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwide. Diabetologia. 2008;51(8):1391–8. Doi:10.1007/s00125-008-1061-5 29. Zipitis CS, Akobeng AK. Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2008;93(6):512-7. Doi:10.1136/adc.2007.128579 30. Tenconi MT, Devoti G, Comelli M. Major childhood infectious diseases and other determinants associated with type 1 diabetes: a casecontrol study. Acta Diabetol.2007;44(1):14–9. Doi:10.1007/s00592-007-0235-9 31. Liu E, Meigs JB, Pittas AG, MvKeown NM, Economos CD, Booth SL, et al.Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associatedwithmarkers of the insulin resistant phenotype in non diabetic adults. J Nutr. 2009;139:329-34. Doi: 10.3945/jn.108.093831 32. Ock SY, Ha KH, Kim BK, Kim HC, Shim JS, Lee MH, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitaminDconcentration is independently inversely associated with insulin resistance in the healthy, non-obese Korean population. Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(5):367-75. Doi: 10.4093/dmj.2016.40.5.367 33. Nardin M, VerDoia M, Schahffer A, Barbieri L, Marino P, De Luca G, et al. Vitamin D status, diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Atherosclerosis. 2016;250:114-21. Doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.019 34. Schafer AL, Napoli N, Lui L, Schwartz AV, Black DM, Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration does not independently predict incident diabetes in older women. Diabet Med. 2014;31(5):564-9. Doi: 10.1111/dme.12368 35. McGill AT, Stewart JM, Lithander FE, Stri KCM, Poppitt SDRelationships of low serum vitamin D3 with anthropometry and markers of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in overweight and obesity. Nutr J. 2008;7:4. Doi:10.1186/1475-2891-7-4 36. Vilarrasa N, Maravall J, Estepa A. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in obese women: their clinical significance and relationship with anthropometric and body composition variables. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007;30(8):653–8. Doi:10.1007/BFO3347445 37. Caron-JobinM, Morisset AS, Tremblay A, Hot C, Légaré D, Tcheernof A. Elevated serum25(OH)D concentrations, vitamin D, and calcium intakes are associated with reduced adipocyte size in women. Obesity(Silver Spring).2011;19(7):1335–41. Doi:10.1036/oby.2011.90 38. Wamberg L, Pedersen SB, Rejnmark L, Richelsen B. Causes of vitamin D deficiency and effect of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic

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