IJCS | Volume 31, Nº3, May/ June 2018

239 Table 2 - Univariate analysis of the clinical parameters associated with the presence of myocardial ischemia on exercise stress echocardiography Variables Odds Ratio 95% CI p* Alcohol consumption 1.15 1.01-1.30 0.035 Male sex 1.69 1.50 - 2.90 < 0.001 Age 1.03 1.02-1.03 < 0.001 Obesity 1.02 0.88-1.18 0.76 Diabetes mellitus 1.99 1.70-2.35 < 0.001 Systemic arterial hypertension 2.16 1.88-2.47 < 0.001 Dyslipidemia 2.25 1.98-2.56 < 0.001 Smoking habit 1.79 1.39-2.31 < 0.001 Family history 1.82 1.59-2.07 < 0.001 Sedentary lifestyle 1.07 0.94-1.21 0.285 CI: confidence interval. (*) The qualitative variables were calculated by use of Pearson chi-square test, and the quantitative variables, by use of Student t test for independent samples, according to the normality assumption of the sample. Table 3 - Echocardiographic and exercise test characteristics of patients consuming a low to moderate amount of alcohol (G1) or none (G2), submitted to exercise stress echocardiography Variables G1 (n = 2,130) G2 (n = 4,502) p* Ischemia None 1,666 (78.2%) 3,621 (80.4%) Induced 195 (9.2%) 430 (9.6%) 0.014 Fixed 211 (9.9%) 359 (8%) Fixed and induced 58 (2.7%) 91 (2%) Aorta 3.3 ± 0.4 3.1 ± 0.4 < 0.001 Left atrium 3.9 ± 0.4 3.8 ± 0.4 < 0.001 E wave velocity 68.4 ±15.1 70.9 ± 17.1 0.778 E' wave velocity 8.0 ± 4.1 7.6 ± 2.3 0.140 E/E' ratio 9.3 ± 2.8 10.0 ± 3.6 0.347 Ejection fraction 67% ± 6.4 67% ± 6.5 0.133 LVWMSI at rest 1.02 ± 0.09 1.01 ± 0.08 0.246 LVWMSI on exertion 1.03 ± 0.09 1.02 ± 0.09 0.459 Diastolic function Normal 294 (17.4%) 473 (13.6%) Relaxation deficit 851 (50.3%) 1,918 (55.1%) 0.001 Pseudonormal 540 (31.9%) 1,075 (30.9%) Restrictive 8 (0.5%) 17 (0.5%) ST-segment depression 1,355 (64.1%) 2,793 (62.5%) < 0.001 Left bundle-branch block 66 (3.1%) 183 (4.1%) 0.054 Simple arrhythmias 539 (25.3%) 1,309 (29.1%) 0.001 Severe arrhythmias ** 4 (0.2%) 16 (0.4%) 0.245 NSVT - 2 (< 0.1%) 0.330 Atrial fibrillation 1 (0.1%) 2 (0.1%) 0.999 Ventricular extrasystole 63 (3.8%) 105 (3.2%) 0.242 Supraventricular extrasystole 19 (1.1%) 43 (1.3%) 0.654 Supraventricular tachycardia 4 (0.2%) 8 (0.2%) 0.999 Chronotropic insufficiency 160 (7.5%) 440 (9.8%) 0.003 LVWMSI: left ventricular wall motion score index; NSVT: non- sustained ventricular tachycardia; (**) Ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. (*) The qualitative variables were calculated by use of Pearson chi-square test, and the quantitative variables, by use of Student t test for independent samples, according to the normality assumption of the sample. Discussion Low to moderate alcohol consumption related with myocardial ischemia on ESE, but was not an independent predictor of positivity on that test. The literature is controversial about the association between alcohol consumption and ischemic heart diseases. The effect of alcohol on patients with myocardial ischemia has been reported as protective in a daily alcohol intake of up to one drink 6,7 or two drinks. 9,10 Other studies have reported alcohol consumption as a risk factor for myocardial ischemia at an average consumption of at least one drink daily 13 or at any daily amount. 12,14 Divergences and lack of correlation between myocardial Fontes et al. Alcohol consumption and myocardial ischemia on ESE International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. 2018;31(3)235-243 Original Article