IJCS | Volume 31, Nº3, May/ June 2018

238 Results This study assessed 6,632 patients, 3,257 (49.1%) of the male sex, mean age of 57.6 ± 11.1 years (25 - 98 years). Low to moderate alcohol consumption (G1) was reported by 2,130 individuals (32.1%), while 4,502 (67.9%) individuals (G2) reported no alcohol intake. In G1, 21.8% of the patients showed positive results for myocardial ischemia on ESE, with a statistically significant relationship between low to moderate alcohol consumption and myocardial ischemia, as compared to G2. Clinical characteristics of the groups In G1, there were a higher relative frequency (p < 0.001) of male individuals, lower mean age and higher percentage of smokers. Regarding the other sociodemographic characteristics, G1 showed a significantly (p < 0.001) higher educational level, higher abdominal circumference values and lower frequency of sedentary lifestyle as compared to G2 (Table 1). The major clinical variables that associated with myocardial ischemia on ESE are shown in Table 2. Of the major clinical findings, only history of sedentary lifestyle and diagnosis of obesitywere not significant on univariate analysis for the presence of myocardial ischemia. Echocardiographic and exercise test characteristics of the groups The G2 showed a higher number of patients without evidence of myocardial ischemia on ESE. Fixed myocardial ischemia was the most frequent type found in G1. Greater sizes of the aorta and left atrium were observed in G1, while G2 showed a higher frequency of diastolic dysfunction. Of the ET variables, ST-segment depression and chronotropic insufficiency were more frequent in G1 and in G2, respectively (Table 3). Logistic regression analysis The multivariate analysis by use of logistic regression of the clinical data available showed that age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking habit and family history were independently associatedwithmyocardial ischemia (Table 4).When assessing those confounding factors of themodel, therewas no association between low tomoderate alcohol consumption and myocardial ischemia on ESE. Table 1 - Clinical characteristics of patients consuming a low to moderate amount of alcohol (G1) or none (G2), submitted to exercise stress echocardiography Variables G1 (n = 2,130) G2 (n = 4,502) p* Male sex 1,643 (77.1%) 1,614 (35.9%) < 0.001 Age 54.8 ± 10.3 59.0 ± 11.3 < 0.001 Previous symptoms Asymptomatic 1,088 (52.3%) 1,808 (41.2%) Typical chest pain 135 (6.5%) 290 (6.6%) < 0.001 Atypical chest pain 762 (36.6%) 2,034 (46.4%) Dyspnea 103 (4.9%) 269 (6.1%) Obesity 509 (24%) 991 (22.1%) 0.088 Weight 78.3 ± 14.2 70.7 ± 14.0 < 0.001 Height 1.68 ± 0.09 1.61 ± 0.09 < 0.001 Abdominal circumference 96.6 ± 11.9 93.3 ± 12.4 0.001 Systemic arterial hypertension 1,269 (59.8%) 2,786 (62%) 0.078 Diabetes mellitus 274 (12.9%) 542 (12.1%) 0.339 Dyslipidemia 1,185 (55.8%) 2,457 (54.7%) 0.414 Smoking habit 157 (7.4%) 140 (3.1%) < 0.001 Family history 1,252 (58.9%) 2,671 (59.5%) 0.690 Physical activity None 997 (49.9%) 2,408 (56.9%) Active 985 (49.3%) 1,789 (42.3%) < 0.001 Athlete 18 (0.9%) 34 (0.8%) Old infarction 113 (5.5%) 191 (4.4%) 0.049 Recent infarction 8 (0.4%) 10 (0.2%) 0.258 Revascularization 122 (5.9%) 215 (4.9%) 0.092 Angioplasty 174 (8.5%) 312 (7.2%) 0.064 Stent 122 (5.9%) 214 (4.9%) 0.084 (*) The qualitative variables were calculated by use of Pearson chi- square test, and the quantitative variables, by use of Student t test for independent samples, according to the normality assumption of the sample. In addition, age, male sex, smoking habit and dyslipidemia associated with low to moderate alcohol consumption (Table 5). Fontes et al. Alcohol consumption and myocardial ischemia on ESE International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. 2018;31(3)235-243 Original Article