ABC | Volume 114, Nº4, Abril 2020

Posicionamento Posicionamento Luso-Brasileiro de Emergências Hipertensivas – 2020 Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4)736-751 11. Vilela-Martin JF, Vaz-de-Melo RO, Kuniyoshi CH, Abdo AN, Yugar-Toledo JC. Hypertensive crisis: clinical-epidemiological profile. Hypertens Res. 2011;34(3):367-371. 12. Pinna G, Pascale C, Fornengo P, et al. Hospital admissions for hypertensive crisis in the emergency departments: a largemulticenter Italian study. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93542. 13. Taylor DA. Hypertensive Crisis: A Review of Pathophysiology and Treatment. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2015;27(4):439-447. 14. Varounis C, Katsi V, Nihoyannopoulos P, Lekakis J, Tousoulis D. Cardiovascular Hypertensive Crisis: Recent Evidence and Review of the Literature. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2016 Jan 10;3:51. 15. van den Born BJ, Lowenberg EC, van der Hoeven NV, et al. Endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, thrombogenesis and fibrinolysis in patients with hypertensive crisis. J Hypertens. 2011;29(5):922-927. 16. Laragh J. Laragh's lessons in pathophysiology and clinical pearls for treating hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14(5 Pt 1):397-404. 17. Laragh JH. Vasoconstriction-volume analysis for understanding and treating hypertension: the use of renin and aldosterone profiles. Am J Med. 1973;55(3):261-274. 18. Blumenfeld JD, Laragh JH. Management of hypertensive crises: the scientific basis for treatment decisions. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14(11 Pt 1):1154-1167. 19. Strandgaard S, Olesen J, Skinhoj E, Lassen NA. Autoregulation of brain circulation in severe arterial hypertension. Br Med J. 1973;1(5852):507-510. 20. Bertel O, Marx BE, Conen D. Effects of antihypertensive treatment on cerebral perfusion. Am J Med. 1987;82(3B):29-36. 21. Andrade DO, Santos SPO, Pinhel MAS, et al. Effects of acute blood pressure elevation on biochemical-metabolic parameters in individuals with hypertensive crisis. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2017;39(6):553-561. 22. Vilela-Martin JF, Yugar-Toledo JC. Hypertensive Urgencies and Emergencies: Clinical Update. J J Emergen Med. 2014;2(1):007. 23. Kaplan NM, Victor RG. Hypertensive emergencies. Kaplan's Clinical Hypertensive. 11ed. Philadelphia, ( PA): LWW;2015. p.263-74. 24. Elliott WJ. Clinical features and management of selected hypertensive emergencies. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004;6(10):587-592. 25. Flanigan JS, Vitberg D. Hypertensive emergency and severe hypertension: what to treat, who to treat, and how to treat. Med Clin North Am. 2006;90(3):439-451. 26. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206-1252. 27. Varon J.Treatmentofacuteseverehypertension:currentandneweragents. Drugs. 2008;68(3):283-297. 28. van den Born BH, Lip GYH, Brguljan-Hitij J, et al. ESC Council on hypertension position document on the management of hypertensive emergencies. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2019;5(1):37-46. 29. Phillips SJ, Whisnant JP. Hypertension and the brain. The National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(5):938- 945. 30. Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356(9227):411-417. 31. Schwartz RB, Mulkern RV, Gudbjartsson H, Jolesz F. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in hypertensive encephalopathy: clues to pathogenesis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(5):859-862. 32. Ledingham JG, Rajagopalan B. Cerebral complications in the treatment of accelerated hypertension. Q J Med. 1979;48(189):25-41. 33. Haas DC, Streeten DH, Kim RC, Naalbandian AN, Obeid AI. Death from cerebral hypoperfusion during nitroprusside treatment of acute angiotensin-dependent hypertension. Am JMed. 1983;75(6):1071-1076. 34. Ahmed ME, Walker JM, Beevers DG, Beevers M. Lack of difference betweenmalignant and accelerated hypertension. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;292(6515):235-237. 35. Fahr T. Uner Nephrosklerose. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat. 1919;226(2):119-78. 36. Clough CG, Beevers DG, Beevers M. The survival of malignant hypertension in blacks, whites and Asians in Britain. J Hum Hypertens. 1990;4(2):94-6. 37. LipGY,BeeversM,BeeversDG.Complicationsandsurvivalof315patients with malignant-phase hypertension. J Hypertens. 1995;13(8):915-24. 38. Lane DA, Lip GY, Beevers DG. Improving survival of malignant h y p e r t e n s i o n p a t i e n t s o v e r 4 0 y e a r s . Am J Hy p e r t e n s . 2009;22(11):1199-204. 39. Silva HB, Bortolotto LA, Giorgi DM, Frimm CC, Giorgi Mc, Bellotti G, et al. Ventricular function by radionuclide ventriculography in malignant hypertension. Hypertension. 1992;19(2 Suppl):II210-II213. 40. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, et al. 2018Guidelines for the EarlyManagement of PatientsWith Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018;49(3):e46-e110. 41. Anderson CS, Heeley E, Huang Y, Wang j, Delcourt C, Lindley R, et al.et al. Rapid blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(25):2355-2365. 42. Qureshi AI, Palesch YY, Barsan WG,Hanley DF, Hsu CY, Martin RL, et al. Intensive Blood-Pressure Lowering in Patients with Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(11):1033-43. 43. Royal College of Physicians. National clinical guideline for stroke. 2016:1-148. 44. Williams B, Mancia G, SpieringW, Agabiti Rosei, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021-104. 45. Herlitz J, Karlson BW, Lindqvist J, Sjolin M. Prognosis during five years of follow-up among patients admitted to the emergency department with acute chest pain in relation to a history of hypertension. Blood Press. 1998;7(2):81-8. 46. Pattanshetty DJ, Bhat PK, Aneja A, Pillai DP. Elevated troponin predicts long-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive crisis: a retrospective study. J Hypertens. 2012;30(12):2410-5. 47. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-Elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002Guidelines for theManagement of Patients WithUnstableAngina/Non-ST-ElevationMyocardial Infarction)developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic EmergencyMedicine. J AmColl Cardiol. 2007;50(7):e1-e157. 48. O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE, Chung MK, Lemos JA, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/AmericanHeart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(4):485-510. 49. Wright RS, Anderson JL, Adams CD,Bridges CR, Casey DE Jr, Ettinger SM, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACC/ AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable 749