ABC | Volume 114, Nº3, March 2020

Statement Brazilian Position Statement on Resistant Hypertension – 2020 Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(3):576-596 66. Hong J-H, Sohn S-I, Kwak J, Yoo J, Ahn SJ, Woo SJ, et al. Retinal artery occlusion and associated recurrent vascular riskwith underlying etiologies. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0177663. 67. Hong D, Stradling D, Dastur CK, Akbari Y, Groysman L, Al-Khoury L, et al. Resistant Hypertension after Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage Is Associated withMore Medical Interventions and Longer Hospital Stays without Affecting Outcome. Front Neurol. 2017;8:184. 68. Chen Y, Shen F, Liu J, Yang GY. Arterial stiffness and stroke: de- stiffening strategy, a therapeutic target for stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2017;2(2):65-72. 69. Cuspidi C, Vaccarella A, Negri F, Sala C. Resistant hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: an overview. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2010;4(6):319-24. 70. Nadruz W. Myocardial remodeling in hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2015;29(1):1-6. 71. Muxfeldt ES, Salles GF. Pulse pressure or dipping pattern: which one is a better cardiovascular risk marker in resistant hypertension? J Hypertens. 2008;26(5):878-84. 72. Modolo R, de Faria AP, Paganelli MO, Sabbatini AR, Barbaro NR, Nascimento BB, et al. Predictors of silent myocardial ischemia in resistant hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28(2):200-7. 73. Muxfeldt ES, de Souza F, Margallo VS, Salles GF. Cardiovascular and renal complications in patients with resistant hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2014;16(9):471. 74. Nadruz W, Shah AM, Solomon SD. Diastolic Dysfunction and Hypertension. Med Clin North Am. 2017;101(1):7-17. 75. Rodrigues CIS CR, Almeida FA. Hipertensao arterial resistente. In: Moura LRR, Alves MAR, Santos DR, Pecoits Filho R. Tratado de Nefrologia. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2018. 76. S umma r y o f R e c omme n d a t i o n S t a t eme n t s . K i d n e y I n t Suppl.2013;3(1):5-14. 77. Taler SJ, Textor SC, Augustine JE. Resistant hypertension: comparing hemodynamic management to specialist care. Hypertension. 2002;39(5):982-8. 78. GaddamKK,NishizakaMK,Pratt-UbunamaMN,PimentaE,Aban I,Oparil S, et al. Characterization of resistant hypertension: association between resistant hypertension, aldosterone, and persistent intravascular volume expansion. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(11):1159-64. 79. Pimenta E, Gaddam KK, Oparil S, Aban I, Husain S, Dell'Italia LJ, et al. Effects of dietary sodium reduction on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension: results from a randomized trial. Hypertension. 2009;54(3):475-81. 80. Agarwal R. Resistant hypertension and the neglected antihypertensive: sodium restriction. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(11):4041-5. 81. Shimosawa T. Salt, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemand resistant hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2013;36(8):657-60. 82. Calhoun DA. Refractory and Resistant Hypertension: Antihypertensive Treatment Failure versus Treatment Resistance. Korean Circ J. 2016;46(5):593-600. 83. Eirin A, Textor SC, Lerman LO. Emerging concepts for patients with treatment-resistant hypertension. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2016;26(8):700-6. 84. Eide IK, Torjesen PA, Drolsum A, Babovic A, Lilledahl NP. Low-renin status in therapy-resistant hypertension: a clue to efficient treatment. J Hypertens. 2004;22(11):2217-26. 85. Laragh JH, Sealey JE. The Plasma Renin Test Reveals the Contribution of Body Sodium-Volume Content (V) and Renin–Angiotensin (R) Vasoconstriction to Long-Term Blood Pressure. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24(11):1164-80. 86. Calhoun DA, Booth JN, 3rd, Oparil S, Irvin MR, Shimbo D, Lackland DT, et al. Refractory hypertension: determination of prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidities in a large, population-based cohort. Hypertension. 2014;63(3):451-8. 87. Judd EK, Calhoun DA, Warnock DG. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Resistant Hypertension: The Role of Aldosterone and Amiloride-Sensitive Sodium Channels. Semin Nephrol. 2014;34(5):532-9. 88. Tsioufis C, Kordalis A, Flessas D, Anastasopoulos I, Tsiachris D, Papademetriou V, et al. Pathophysiology of resistant hypertension: the role of sympathetic nervous system. Int J Hypertens. 2011;2011:642416. 89. Dudenbostel T, Acelajado MC, Pisoni R, Li P, Oparil S, Calhoun DA. Refractory Hypertension: Evidence of Heightened Sympathetic Activity as a Cause of Antihypertensive Treatment Failure. Hypertension. 2015;66(1):126-33. 90. Mahmud A, Mahgoub M, Hall M, Feely J. Does aldosterone-to-renin ratio predict the antihypertensive effect of the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone? Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(12 Pt 1):1631-5. 91. Pimenta E, Calhoun DA. Resistant hypertension and aldosteronism. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2007;9(5):353-9. 92. Wang C, Xiong B, Huang J. Efficacy and Safety of Spironolactone in Patients with Resistant Hypertension: A Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Heart Lung Circ. 2016;25(10):1021-30. 93. Jain S, Khera R, Corrales-Medina VF, Townsend RR, Chirinos JA. "Inflammation and arterial stiffness in humans". Atherosclerosis. 2014;237(2):381-90. 94. Pedrosa RP, Drager LF, Gonzaga CC, Sousa MG, de Paula LK, Amaro AC, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea: the most common secondary cause of hypertension associated with resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2011;58(5):811-7. 95. Florczak E, Prejbisz A, Szwench-Pietrasz E, Sliwinski P, Bielen P, Klisiewicz A, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with resistant hypertension: the RESIST-POL study. J HumHypertens. 2013;27(11):678-85. 96. de Faria AP, Modolo R, Fontana V, MorenoH. Adipokines: novel players in resistant hypertension. J ClinHypertens (Greenwich). 2014;16(10):754-9. 97. Lacerda L, Faria AP, Fontana V, Moreno H, Sandrim V. Role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in resistance to drug therapy in patients with resistant hypertension. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;105(2):168-75. 98. de Faria AP, Ritter AM, Sabbatini AR, Correa NB, Brunelli V, Modolo R, et al. Deregulation of Soluble AdhesionMolecules in Resistant Hypertension and Its Role in Cardiovascular Remodeling. Circ J. 2016;80(5):1196-201. 99. Sabbatini AR, BarbaroNR, de Faria AP, Ritter AMV, Modolo R, Correa NB, etal.Matrixmetalloproteinase-2-735C/Tpolymorphism isassociatedwith resistant hypertension in a specialized outpatient clinic in Brazil. Gene. 2017;620:23-9. 100. Lacchini R, Sabha M, Coeli FB, Favero FF, Yugar-Toledo J, Izidoro-Toledo TC, et al. T allele of -344 C/T polymorphism in aldosterone synthase gene is not associated with resistant hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2009;32(2):159-62. 101. Yugar-Toledo JC, Martin JF, Krieger JE, Pereira AC, Demacq C, CoelhoOR, et al. Gene variation in resistant hypertension: multilocus analysis of the angiotensin 1-converting enzyme, angiotensinogen, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase genes. DNA Cell Biol. 2011;30(8):555-64. 102. Figueiredo VN, Yugar-Toledo JC, Martins LC, Martins LB, de Faria AP, de Haro Moraes C, et al. Vascular stiffness and endothelial dysfunction: Correlations at different levels of blood pressure. Blood Press. 2012;21(1):31-8. 103. Quinaglia T, Martins LC, Figueiredo VN, Santos RC, Yugar-Toledo JC, Martin JF, et al. Non-dipping pattern relates to endothelial dysfunction in patients with uncontrolled resistant hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2011;25(11):656-64. 593