ABC | Volume 114, Nº1, January 2019

Original Article Leite et al. Carotid thickness in HIV-infected patients Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(1):90-97 1. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Observatory Data: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage among all age groups. Geneva; 2015. 2. Ross AC, Rizk N, O’Riordan MA, Dogra V, El-Bejjani D, Storer N, et al. Relationshipbetween inflammatorymarkers,endothelialactivationmarkers, and carotid intima-media thickness in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(7):1119-27. 3. Kaplan RC, Landay AL, Hodis HN, Gange SJ, Norris PJ, Young M, et al. Potential cardiovascular disease risk markers among HIV infected women initiating antiretroviral treatment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60(4):359-68. 4. Hsue PY, Scherzer R, Hunt PW, Schnell A, Bolger AF, Kalapus SC, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness progression in HIV infected adults occurs preferentially at the carotid bifurcation and is predicted by inflammation. J AmHeart Assoc. 2012;1(2):pii:jah3-e000422. 5. Libby P. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(2):456S-60S. 6. Triant VA, Meigs JB, Grinspoon SK. Association of C-reactive protein andHIV infection with acute myocardial infarction. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(3):268-73. 7. Afiune Neto A, Souza AD, Lottenberg AMP, Chacra AP, Faludi AA, Loures- Vale AA, et al. IV Diretriz Brasileira sobre dislipidemias e Prevenção da Aterosclerose. Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 2007;88(suppl. 1):1-19. 8. Godoi ETAM, Brandt CT, Godoi JTAM, Lacerda HR, Albuquerque VMG, Zirpoli JC, et al. Antirretroviral therapy effect in the intima-medio complex and ankle-brachial index in patients infected by HIV. J Vasc Bras. 2012;11(2):123-31. 9. Godoi ETAM, Brandt CT, Godoi JTAM, MeloHRL, Godoi JTAM. Assessment of intima-media complex in carotid, femoral and right subclavian arteries for early investigation of atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients. Radiol Bras. 2013;46(6):2333-40. 10. Freire CMV, Alcantara ML, Santos SN, Amaral SI, Veloso O, Porto CLL, et al. Recomendação para a quantificação pelo ultrassom da doença aterosclerótica das artérias carótidas e vertebrais: grupo de trabalho do departamento de imagem cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia – DIC – SBC. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;28(n. especial):e1-e64. 11. McDonald B, Moyo S, Gabaitiri L, Gaseitsiwe S, Bussmann H, Koethe JR, et al. Persistently elevated serum interleukin-6 predicts mortality among adults receiving combination antiretroviral therapy in Botswana: results from a clinical trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29(7):993-9. 12. Stacey AR, Norris PJ, Qin L, Haygreen EA, Taylor E, Heitman J, et al. Induction of a striking systemic cytokine cascade prior to peak viremia in acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, in contrast to more modest and delayed responses in acute hepatitis B and C virus infections. J Virol. 2009;83(8):3719-33. References Table 4 – Association of factors risks related to carotid intima-media thickness, multivariate analysis stratified according to HIV infection status Inflammatory markers ‡ HIV+ HIV- CIMT > 0.61 mm OR (95%CI)* p-value CIMT > 0.61 mm OR (95%CI) † p-value PCR US 1.17 (0.45–2.98) 0.747 0.31 (0.02–5.31) 0.425 VCAM-1(x10 -3 ) 0.54 (0.21–1.38) 0.197 1.08 (0.07–17.4) 0.954 IFN 1. 76 (0.69–4.51) 0.238 - - IL-1 10.4 (0.71–151.2) 0.087 6.14 (0.24–156) 0.272 TNF-α 31.2 (2.70–361) 0.006 3.06 (0.12–79.3) 0.500 *Adjusted by age and smoking. † Adjusted by age and total cholesterol. ‡ Analysis considering the median value of the markers. CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; OR: odds ratio. Lorena VMB, Araújo PSR, Lacerda HR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Leite KME, Lacerda HR; Obtaining financing: Lacerda HR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Godoi ETAM, Lima KO, Lacerda HR. Potential Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Sources of Funding This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de DesenvolvimentoCientífico e Tecnológico. Study Association This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Kaliene Maria Estevão Leite, from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco under the protocol number 307087. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. 96