ABC | Volume 113, Nº5, November 2019

Original Article Sousa et al. Antioxidant effect of rat environmental enrichment Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019; 113(5):905-912 15. Marmol F, Sanchez J, Torres MN, Chamizo VD. Environmental enrichment in the absence of wheel running produces beneficial behavioural and anti- oxidative effects in rats. Behav Processes. 2017 Nov;144:66-71. 16. Marmol F, Rodriguez CA, Sanchez J, Chamizo VD. Anti-oxidative effects produced by environmental enrichment in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of male and female rats. Brain Res. 2015 Jul 10;1613:120-9. 17. Diamond MC, Rosenzweig MR, Bennett EL, Lindner B, Lyon L. Effects of environmental enrichment and impoverishment on rat cerebral cortex. J Neurobiol. 1972;3(1):47-64. 18. Leal-Galicia P, Castañeda-Bueno M, Quiroz-Baez R, Arias C. Long-term exposure to environmental enrichment since youth prevents recognition memory decline and increases synaptic plasticity markers in aging. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2008;90(3):511-8. 19. Goldblatt H, Lynch J, Hanzal RF, SummervilleWW. Studies on Experimental Hypertension : I. The Production of Persistent Elevation of Systolic Blood Pressure by Means of Renal Ischemia. J Exp Med. 1934;59(3):347-79. 20. Marklund S, MarklundG. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem. 1974;47(3):469-74. 21. Abei H. Catalase in vitro. METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY. 1984;105. 22. ChíricoMTT, Bezerra FS, Guedes MR, Souza AB, Silva FC, Campos G, et al. Tobacco-Free Cigarette Smoke Exposure Induces Anxiety and Panic-Related Behaviours in Male Wistar Rats. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):4943. 23. Reznick A, Packer L. Oxidative damage to proteins: spectrophotometric method for carbonyl. Method Enzymol. 1994;233:357-63. 24. Buege JA, Aust SD. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol. 1978;52:302-10. 25. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976;72:248-54. 26. Miller AJ, Arnold AC. The renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular autonomic control: recent developments and clinical implications. Clin Auton Res. 2019;29(2):231-43. 27. Govender MM, Nadar A. A subpressor dose of angiotensin II elevates blood pressure in a normotensive rat model by oxidative stress. Physiol Res. 2015;64(2):153-9. 28. Kishi T, Hirooka Y. Oxidative stress in the brain causes hypertension via sympathoexcitation. Front Physiol. 2012;3:335. 29. Rodrigues MC, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Machado RP, Silva ME, Rocha JL, Ferreira PM, et al. Evidence for a role of AT(2) receptors at the CVLM in the cardiovascular changes induced by low-intensity physical activity in renovascular hypertensive rats. Peptides. 2007;28(7):1375-82. 30. Nishi EE, Bergamaschi CT, Oliveira-Sales EB, Simon KA, Campos RR. Losartan reduces oxidative stress within the rostral ventrolateral medulla of rats with renovascular hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26(7):858-65. 31. Chade AR, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Herrmann J, Zhu X, Grande JP, Napoli C, et al. Antioxidant intervention blunts renal injury in experimental renovascular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(4):958-66. 32. Hartono SP, Knudsen BE, Zubair AS, Nath KA, Textor SJ, Lerman LO, et al. Redox signaling is an early event in the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(9):18640-56. 33. Kishi T, Hirooka Y, Kimura Y, Ito K, Shimokawa H, Takeshita A. Increased reactive oxygen species in rostral ventrolateral medulla contribute to neural mechanisms of hypertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulation. 2004;109(19):2357-62. 34. Nithianantharajah J, Hannan AJ. Enriched environments, experience- dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7(9):697-709. 35. Rashid K, Sinha K, Sil PC. An update on oxidative stress-mediated organ pathophysiology. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Dec;62:584-600. 36. Azar TA, Sharp JL, Lawson DM. Effects of cage enrichment on heart rate, blood pressure, and activity of female Sprague-Dawley and spontaneously hypertensive rats at rest and after acute challenges. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2012;51(3):339-44. 37. Sharp J, Azar T, Lawson D. Effects of a cage enrichment program on heart rate, blood pressure, and activity of male sprague-dawley and spontaneously hypertensive rats monitored by radiotelemetry. Contemp Top Lab AnimSci. 2005;44(2):32-40. 38. Purnomo Y, Piccart Y, Coenen T, Prihadi JS, Lijnen PJ. Oxidative stress and transforming growth factor- β 1-induced cardiac fibrosis. CardiovascHematol Disord Drug Targets. 2013;13(2):165-72. 39. Bertagnolli M, Schenkel PC, Campos C, Mostarda CT, Casarini DE, Belló-Klein A, et al. Exercise training reduces sympathetic modulation on cardiovascular system and cardiac oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(11):1188-93. 40. WelchWJ, Mendonca M, Aslam S, Wilcox CS. Roles of oxidative stress and AT1 receptors in renal hemodynamics and oxygenation in the postclipped 2K,1C kidney. Hypertension. 2003;41(3 Pt 2):692-6. 41. Chabrashvili T, Kitiyakara C, Blau J, Karber A, Aslam S, Welch WJ, et al. Effects of ANG II type 1 and 2 receptors on oxidative stress, renal NADPH oxidase, and SOD expression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003;285(1):R117-24. 42. Lerman LO, Nath KA, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Krier JD, Schwartz RS, Napoli C, et al. Increased oxidative stress in experimental renovascular hypertension. Hypertension. 2001;37(2 Pt 2):541-6. 43. Welch WJ, Chabrashvili T, Solis G, Chen Y, Gill PS, Aslam S, et al. Role of extracellular superoxide dismutase in the mouse angiotensin slow pressor response. Hypertension. 2006;48(5):934-41. 44. Chu Y, Iida S, Lund DD, Weiss RM, DiBona GF, Watanabe Y, et al. Gene transfer of extracellular superoxide dismutase reduces arterial pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats: role of heparin-binding domain. Circ Res. 2003;92(4):461-8. 45. Smith BL, Lyons CE, Correa FG, Benoit SC, Myers B, Solomon MB, et al. Behavioral and physiological consequences of enrichment loss in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017 Mar;77:37-46. 46. Ryff CD, Singer BH, Dienberg LoveG. Positive health: connectingwell-being with biology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2004;359(1449):1383-94. 47. Wolfer DP, LitvinO, Morf S, Nitsch RM, Lipp HP, Wurbel H. Laboratory animal welfare:cageenrichmentandmousebehaviour.Nature .2004;432(7019):821-2. 911