ABC | Volume 112, Nº6, June 2019

Original Article Fonseca et al Autonomic imbalance, sarcopenia and heart failure Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019; 112(6):739-746 10. Binkley PF, Nunziata E, Haas GJ, Nelson SD, Cody RJ. Parasympathetic withdrawal is an integral component of autonomic imbalance in congestive heart failure: demonstration in human subjects and verification in a paced canine model of ventricular failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18(2):464-72. 11. Shetler K, Marcus R, Froelicher VF, Vora S, Kalisetti D, Prakash M, et al. Heart rate recovery: validation andmethodologic issues. J AmColl Cardiol. 2001;38(7):1980-7. 12. Cole CR, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Lauer MS. Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality. NEngl J Med. 1999;341(18):1351-7. 13. Arena R, Guazzi M, Myers J, Peberdy MA. Prognostic value of heart rate recovery in patients with heart failure. AmHeart J. 2006;151(4):851 e7-13. 14. Watanabe J, Thamilarasan M, Blackstone EH, Thomas JD, Lauer MS. Heart rate recovery immediately after treadmill exercise and left ventricular systolic dysfunction as predictors of mortality: the case of stress echocardiography. Circulation. 2001;104(16):1911-6. 15. Vallbo AB, Hagbarth KE, Torebjork HE, Wallin BG. Somatosensory, proprioceptive,andsympatheticactivity inhumanperipheralnerves.Physiol Rev. 1979;59(4):919-57. 16. Delius W, Hagbarth KE, Hongell A, Wallin BG. Manoeuvres affecting sympathetic outflow in human muscle nerves. Acta Physiol Scand. 1972;84(1):82-94. 17. Dos Santos MR, Sayegh AL, Bacurau AV, Arap MA, Brum PC, Pereira RM, et al. Effect of Exercise Training and Testosterone Replacement on Skeletal MuscleWasting in PatientsWithHeart FailureWith TestosteroneDeficiency. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(5):575-86. 18. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly inNewMexico. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147(8):755-63. 19. Roberts HC, Denison HJ, Martin HJ, Patel HP, Syddall H, Cooper C, et al. A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach. Age Ageing. 2011;40(4):423-9. 20. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412-23. 21. Narumi T,Watanabe T, Kadowaki S, Takahashi T, YokoyamaM, Kinoshita D, et al.Sarcopeniaevaluatedbyfat-freemassindexisanimportantprognosticfactor in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J InternMed. 2015;26(2):118-22. 22. Janssen SP, Gayan-Ramirez G, Van den Bergh A, Herijgers P, Maes K, Verbeken E, et al. Interleukin-6 causesmyocardial failure and skeletal muscle atrophy in rats. Circulation. 2005;111(8):996-1005. 23. Bechara LR, Moreira JB, Jannig PR, Voltarelli VA, Dourado PM, Vasconcelos AR, et al. NADPH oxidase hyperactivity induces plantaris atrophy in heart failure rats. Int J Cardiol. 2014;175(3):499-507. 24. Li YP, Chen Y, Li AS, Reid MB. Hydrogen peroxide stimulates ubiquitin- conjugating activity and expression of genes for specific E2 and E3 proteins in skeletal musclemyotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2003;285(4):C806-12. 25. Steinbeck L, Ebner N, Valentova M, Bekfani T, Elsner S, Dahinden P, et al. Detection of muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure using C-terminalagrinfragment:resultsfromtheStudiesInvestigatingCo-morbidities AggravatingHeart Failure (SICA-HF). Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17(12):1283-93. 26. Kim YS, Sainz RD. Beta-adrenergic agonists and hypertrophy of skeletal muscles. Life Sci. 1992;50(6):397-407. 27. Lymperopoulos A, Rengo G, Koch WJ. Adrenergic nervous system in heart failure: pathophysiology and therapy. Circ Res. 2013;113(6):739-53. 28. Volders PG. Novel insights into the role of the sympathetic nervous system in cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(12):1900-6. 29. Machackova J, Sanganalmath SK, Barta J, Dhalla KS, DhallaNS. Amelioration of cardiac remodeling in congestive heart failure by beta-adrenoceptor blockade is associated with depression in sympathetic activity. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2010;10(1):9-16. 30. Lainscak M, Keber I, Anker SD. Body composition changes in patients with systolic heart failure treated with beta blockers: a pilot study. Int J Cardiol. 2006;106(3):319-22. 31. Cvan Trobec K, Grabnar I, Kerec Kos M, Vovk T, Trontelj J, Anker SD, et al. Bisoprolol pharmacokinetics and body composition in patients with chronic heart failure: a longitudinal study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;72(7):813-22. 32. Nanas S, Anastasiou-Nana M, Dimopoulos S, Sakellariou D, Alexopoulos G, KapsimalakouS,etal.Earlyheartraterecoveryafterexercisepredictsmortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2006;110(3):393-400. 33. Myers J, Hadley D, Oswald U, Bruner K, Kottman W, Hsu L, et al. Effects of exercise training on heart rate recovery in patients with chronic heart failure. AmHeart J. 2007;153(6):1056-63. 34. Racine N, Blanchet M, Ducharme A, Marquis J, Boucher JM, Juneau M, et al. Decreased heart rate recovery after exercise in patients with congestive heart failure: effect of beta-blocker therapy. J Card Fail. 2003;9(4):296-302. 35. Ushijima A, Fukuma N, Kato Y, Aisu N, Mizuno K. Sympathetic excitation during exercise as a cause of attenuated heart rate recovery in patients with myocardial infarction. J Nippon Med Sch. 2009;76(2):76-83. 745