ABC | Volume 111, Nº6, December 2018

Original Article Silva et al Cardiac and vascular features in athletes Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; 111(6):772-781 Table 4 – Echocardiographic parameters PG (n = 16) Mean ± SD (95% CI) RG (n = 24) Mean ± SD (95% CI) p-value Anatomical structures Aorta diameter (mm) 31.3 ± 3 (29.7–32.9) Min 25 and Max 36 32.0 ± 2.7 (30.8–33.2) Min 29 and Max 38 0.410 LA diameter (mm) 36.0 ± 2.5 (34.6–37.3) Min 30 and Max 39 35.6 ± 2 (34.7–36.5) Min 32 and Max 39 0.632 RV diameter (mm) 20.3 ± 1.2 (19.6–20.9) Min 18 and Max 22 20.5 ± 2 (19.6–21.4) Min 16 and Max 25 0.689 LV end-systolic diameter (mm) 30.7 ± 3.9 (28.6–32.8) Min 23 and Max 37 30.2 ± 2.9 (28.9–31.5) Min 25 and Max 36 0.671 LV end-diastolic diameter (mm) 53.4 ± 3.3 (51.5–55.3) Min 45 and Max 60 53.7 ± 3.3 (52.2–55.2) Min 45 and Max 57 0.770 Interventricular septum thickness (mm) 12.0 ± 1.0 (10.6–12.3) Min 10 and Max 14 9.6 ± 0.4 (9.4–9.9) Min 9 and Max 10 < 0.001 Ventricular posterior wall thickness (mm) 10.4 ± 0.9 (9.9–10.9) Min 9 and Max 12 9.1 ± 0.5 (8.9–9.4) Min 8 and Max 10 < 0.001 LV mass (g) 282.2 ± 73.4 (243–321.4) Min 150 and Max 406 235.7 ± 26.0 (224.2–247.3) Min 179 and Max 276 < 0.001 LV mass/BSA (g/m 2 ) 135.6 ± 24.9 (136.1–133.6) Min 90 and Max 173 127.8 ± 16.9 (120.3–135.4) Min 104 and Max 166 0.262 Diastolic function End-diastolic volume (mL) 145.0 ± 18.9 (134.9–155.1) Min 92 and Max 173 138.1 ± 17.2 (130.5–145.8) Min 92 and Max 160 0.251 Transmitral E-wave velocity 0.83 ± 0.15 (0.75–0.90) Min 0.6 and Max 1.1 0.91 ± 0.15 (0.84–0.97) Min 0.6 and Max 1.3 0.124 e’ wave 0.15 ± 0.03 (0.13–0.17) Min 0.1 and Max 0.2 0.17 ± 0.34 (0.15–0.19) Min 0.1 and Max 0.2 0.062 E/e’ ratio 5.69 ± 1.05 (5.12–6.24) Min 4.1 and Max 8.0 5.56 ± 1.76 (4.78–6.34) Min 3.0 and Max 11.8 0.808 Transmitral A-wave velocity 0.35 ± 0.03 (0.33–0.37) Min 0.3 and Max 0.4 0.38 ± 0.04 (0.36–0.40) Min 0.3 and Max 0.5 0.047 LA volume (mL) 35.7 ± 8.5 (31.2–40.2) Min 22 and Max 53 43.6 ± 10.2 (39.1–48.2) Min 32 and Max 76 0.016 LA volume/BSA (mL/m 2 ) 16.7 ± 4.1 (14.5–18.8) Min 11 and Max 27 23.4 ± 4.6 (21.4–25.5) Min 16 and Max 37 < 0.001 Systolic function End-systolic volume (mL) 38.0 ± 11.2 (31.9–44) Min 18 and Max 58 34.8 ± 9.3 (30.6–38.9) Min 22 and Max 54 0.348 Ejection fraction (%) 73.0 ± 4.5 (70.5–75.4) Min 67 and Max 80 74.3 ± 4.6 (72.3–76.3) Min 65 and Max 86 0.383 Ejection fraction by Simpson’s rule (%) 71.6 ± 4.8 (69.1–74.2) Min 62 and Max 79 72.7 ± 5.9 (70.1–75.4) Min 61 and Max 81 0.568 PG: powerlifters group; RG: long-distance runners group; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; BSA: body surface area. Differences between means were assessed using Student’s t Test for independent samples. As for the cutoff values, several studieswithhigh‑performance athletes have used to determine pathological hypertrophy cutoff values of 12-13 mm for maximum interventricular septum thickness and 55-60 mm for end‑diastolic dimension, as described below.Whyte (2004) examined 306British elite male athletes (judo, n = 22; skiing, n = 10; pole vault, n = 10; kayak, n = 11; rowing, n = 17; cycling, n = 11; power lifters, n = 29; triathlon, n = 51; modern pentathlon, n = 22; middle distance, n = 45; rugby, n=30; tennis, n = 33; swimming, n = 19) and found interventricular septum thickness > 13 mm in ~3.0% of them. Riding (2012) examined 836 athletes (soccer, n = 586; basketball, n = 75; volleyball, n = 41 and handball, n = 35) and found interventricular septum thickness > 12 mm and typical features of concentric left 776