ABC | Volume 111, Nº6, December 2018

Original Article Santos et al OX-LDL and Oral Contraceptives Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; 111(6):764-770 1. Kim C, Siscovick DS, Sidney S, Lewis CE, Kiefe CI, Koepsell TD; CARDIA Study. Oral contraceptive use and association with glucose, insulin, and diabetes in young adult women: the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(6):1027-32. 2. Petto J, Vasques LM, Pinheiro RL, Giesta Bde A, Santos AC, Gomes Neto M, et al. Comparison of postprandial lipemia between women who are on oral contraceptive methods and those who are not. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;103(3):245-50. 3. Pincemail J, Vanbelle S, Gaspard U, Collette G, Haleng J, Cheramy-Bien JP, et al. Effect of different contraceptive methods on the oxidative stress status in women aged 40–48 years from the ELAN study in the province of Liège, Belgium. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(8):2335-43. 4. Sørensen CJ, Pedersen OB, Petersen MS, Sørensen E, Kotzé S, Thørner LW, et al. Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low- grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS). PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88196. 5. Petto J, Pereira LS, Santos AC, Giesta BA, Melo TA, Ladeia AM. Inflamação subclínica em mulheres que utilizam contraceptivo oral. Rev Bras Cardiol. 2013;26(6):465-71. 6. deGraafJ,SwinkelsDW,DemackerPN,deHaanAF,StalenhoefAF.Differences in the low density lipoprotein subfraction profile between oral contraceptive users and controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76(1):197-202. 7. Harvey RE, Hart EC, Charkoudian N, Curry TB, Carter JR, Fu Q. Oral contraceptive use, muscle sympathetic nerve activity, and systemic hemodynamics in young women. Hypertension. 2015;66(3):590-7. 8. Holvoet P, De Keyzer D, Jacobs DR Jr. Oxidized LDL and the metabolic syndrome. Future Lipidol. 2008;3(6):637-49. 9. Liao JK, Shin WS, Lee WY, Clark SL. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein decreases the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(1):319-24. 10. Yang H, Mohamed AS, Zhu S. Oxidized low density lipoprotein, stem cells, and atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis. 2012 Jul 2;11:85. 11. Xavier HT, Abdalla DS, Martinez TL, Ramires JF, Gagliardi AR. Effects of oxidized LDL on in vitro proliferation and spontaneous motility of human coronary artery endothelial cells. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;83(6):493-7; 488-92. 12. Holvoet P, Kritchevsky SB, Tracy RP, Mertens A, Rubin SM, Butler J, et al. The metabolic syndrome, circulating oxidized LDL, and risk of myocardial infarction in well-functioning elderly people in the health, aging, and body composition cohort. Diabetes. 2004;53(4):1068-73. 13. Rietzschel ER, Langlois M, De BuyzereML, Segers P, De Bacquer D, Bekaert S, et al; Asklepios Investigators. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with decreases in cardiac function independent of vascular alterations. Hypertension. 2008;52(3):535-41. 14. Mascarenhas-Melo F, Sereno J, Teixeira-Lemos E, Ribeiro S, Rocha-Pereira P, Cotterill E, et al. Markers of increased cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women: focus on oxidized-LDL and HDL Subpopulations. Dis Markers. 2013;35(2):85-96. 15. Corrêa DA. Uso de contraceptivos orais entre mulheres de 18 a 49 anos: inquérito populacional telefônico. [Dissertação]. BeloHorizonte. Escola de Enfermagem da UFMG; 2012. 16. Acute myocardial infarction and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international multicentre case-control study. WHOCollaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Lancet. 1997;349(9060):1202-9. 17. Baillargeon JP, McClish DK, Essah PA, Nestler JE. Association between the current use of low-dose oral contraceptives and cardiovascular arterial disease: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(7):3863-70. 18. US Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention References important to point out that the limitations presented do not impair the results of this study. On the contrary, they add data that facilitate the understanding of alterations in the lipid profile of women of reproductive age who use COC. Conclusion In summary, the findings of this study indicate that women who use COC have a significant increase in plasma oxidized LDL values, as well as higher concentrations of small and dense LDL‑cholesterol subfractures, identifiedby theTG/HDL-cholesterol ratio. We also identified a moderate and positive correlation of oxidized LDL with atherogenic variables of the lipid profile, which may suggest a greater vascular aggression and, consequently, a higher cardiovascular risk in this population. Finally, we can also suggest higher oxidative stress, represented indirectly by the higher concentration of oxidized LDL in these women. Author contributions Conception and design of the research: Santos ACN, Petto J, Ladeia AMT; Acquisition of data: Santos ACN, Diogo DP, Rocha CS, Souza LH, Araújo WS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos ACN, Petto J, Diogo DP, Ladeia AMT, Araújo WS; Writing of the manuscript: Santos ACN, Petto J, Araújo WS, Diogo DP, Souza LH, Rocha CS, Ladeia AMT; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos ACN, Petto J, Araújo WS, Diogo DP, Ladeia AMT. Potential Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Sources of Funding There were no external funding sources for this study. Study Association This article is part of the thesis of master submitted Alan Carlos Nery dos Santos, from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública- EBMSP. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciência de Salvador under the protocol number 3.39012011. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. 769