ABC | Volume 110, Nº5, May 2018

Original Article Navarro et al Metabolic Syndrome in Vegetarian and Omnivorous Men Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; 110(5):430-437 Table 1 – Anthropometric, clinical and biochemical characteristics of apparently healthy vegetarian and omnivorous men Vegetarian (n = 44) Omnivorous (n = 44) p Age 45.5 ± 7.8 46.8 ± 9.6 0.23 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 23.1 ± 2.9 27.2 ± 4.8 < 0.001 WC (cm) 84.9 ± 7.71 95.7 ± 13.8 < 0.001 SBP (mm Hg) 119.5 ± 10.4 129.2 ± 15.1 < 0.001 DBP (mm Hg) 75.2 ± 8.6 83.9 ± 10.4 < 0.001 TC (mg/dL) 180.1 ± 40.5 202.7 ± 35.3 0.003 LDL-c (mg/dL) 110 ± 33.2 128.5 ± 32.4 0.005 Apo b (mg/L) 0.88 ± 0.28 1.01 ± 0.26 0.009 TG (mg/dL) 112.2 ± 72.2 143.9 ± 64 0.016 HDL-c (mg/dL) 47.6 ± 9.3 45.5 ± 11.6 0.17 TC/HDL-c ratio 4.0 ± 1.3 4.7 ± 1.3 0.005 FSG (mg/dL) 94.8 ± 7.2 102.9 ± 13.1 < 0.001 HbA1c (%) 5.3 ± 0.3 5.5 ± 0.5 0.004 FRS 2.98 ± 3.70 4.82 ± 5.17 0.029 Data are means ± SD. Significant values for p < 0.05. Unpaired Student’s t-test. BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo b: apolipoprotein b; TG: triglycerides; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FSG: fasting serum glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; FRS: Framingham Risk Score. age, TC, HDL-c, smoking status, SBP, and the use of medication to treat high blood pressure. The results of the FRS range are from 1% to 30% of CHD risk in 10 years. 7 Statistical analysis The continuous variables were tested by the Kolmogorov- Smirnov test and presented Gaussian distribution, being demonstrated in means ± standard deviation (SD). Unpaired Student's t test was used for testing differences for numerical variables. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables between groups. Level of significance was set p < 0.05. To test the association between the type of diet (OMN or VEG) and MSyn and its components, multiple logistic regression was used. The magnitude of effect was measured by using the OR (odds ratio) and respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Univariate analysis and variables with p < 0.20 were included in the multiple regression, and adjusted for caloric intake, age, physical activity level, and alcohol consumption. All analyses were performed using Stata 10.0. Results No difference was found in age between the VEG and OMN groups. Vegetarians had significantly lower values for BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-c, Apo b, TG, TC/HDL-c ratio, FSG, and HbA1c. Most of the individuals had less than 10 points on the FRS, only three VEG and eight OMN had FRS 10 to 20 points. No statistical difference was found when this distribution was compared by categories, but the CHD risk evaluated by FRS was higher in OMN based on a comparison of the mean score between the two groups (Table 1). Although there was no significant difference in caloric intake between the two groups, VEG consumed significantly more carbohydrates (63.2 vs. 51.9% of energy, p > 0.001), dietary fiber (28.2 vs 17.9 g, p < 0.001), and polyunsaturated fat (4.0 vs. 2.7% of energy, p = 0.004) than OMN did. Moreover, OMN ingested significantly greater amounts of protein (19.5 vs. 17.1% of energy, p = 0.04), total fat (29.1 vs. 24.8% of energy, p = 0.006), saturated fat (6.9 vs. 4.4% of energy, p < 0.001), and monounsaturated fat (6.8 vs. 4.5% of energy, p < 0.001) (Table 2). Most individuals had ≥ 8 years of schooling (83.2%), but a higher percentage of OMN (30.8%) had less than 8 years of schooling compared to VEG (4.6%) (p = 0.001). Considering physical activity assessed by IPAQ, a significantly greater number of VEG was classified as physically active (n = 36, 81.8%) compared to OMN (n = 25, 56.8%; p = 0.011). Regarding alcohol consumption, 43.2% of VEG (n = 19) and 59.1% (n = 26) of OMN reported drinking alcohol, but without a statistical difference (p = 0.14). Considering the MSyn proposed by the IDF, there were more OMN (52.3%) than VEG (15.9%) with MSyn (p < 0.001). OMN had a significantly higher occurrence of abnormal values for most of the MSyn components, WC, TG, FSG, SBP, and DBP, as shown in Table 3. Being OMN increased the chance of havingMSyn (OR: 5.79, 95%CI 2.13-15.76) and having altered different MSyn components:WC (OR: 6.80, 95%CI 2.62-17.70), SBP (OR: 2.83, 95% CI 1.13-7.12), DBP (OR: 4.38, 95%CI 1.53‑12.53), TG (OR: 2.5, 95%CI 1.01-6.18), and FSG (OR: 4.67, 95%CI 1.89‑11.52). Despite the higher risk of OMN developing CHD according to FSG, this difference was not shown in the logistic regression model (OR: 3.04, 95%CI 0.75-12.32). 432