ABC | Volume 110, Nº5, May 2018

Original Article Almeida et al MTWA and malignant arrhythmias in Chagas disease Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; 110(5):412-417 1. Schmunis GA, Yadon ZE. Chagas disease: A Latin American health problem becoming a world health problem. Acta Trop. 2010;115(1-2):14-21. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.003. 2. World Health Organization. (WHO). Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis): Fact sheet. [Cited in 2017May 25]. Available from: http:// www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs340/en/ 3. WorldHealthOrganization. (WHO). Neglected, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases: Chagas Disease. [Cited in 2016 Dec 10]. Available from: http:// www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_topics &view=article&id=10 &Itemid=40743 4. Biolo A, Ribeiro AL, Clausell N. Chagas cardiomyopathy—where do we stand after a hundred years. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;52(4):300-16. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2009.11.008. 5. RibeiroAL, NunesMP, TeixeiraMM, RochaMO. Diagnosis andmanagement of Chagas disease and cardiomyopathy. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2012;9(10):576- 89. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2012.109. 6. BestettiRB,Cardinalli-NetoA.Suddencardiacdeath inChagas’heartdisease in the contemporary era. Int J Cardiol. 2008;131(1):9-17. doi: 10.1016/j. ijcard.2008.05.024. 7. Connolly SJ, Hallstrom RC, Cappato R, Schron EB, Kuck KH, Zipes DP, et al. Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies. Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillator study. Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg . Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(24):2071-8. doi: 10.1053/euhj.2000.2476. 8. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, et al; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(12):877- 83. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa013474. 9. Ezekowitz JA, Armstrong PW, McAlister FA. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators in primary and secondary prevention: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(6):445-52. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-138-6-200303180-00007. 10. Rosenqvist M, Beyer T, Block M, den Dulk K, Minten J, Lindemans F. Adverse events with transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: a prospective multicenter study. Circulation. 1998;98(7):663-70. Erratum in: Circulation. 1998;98(23):2647. doi :https://doi.org.101161/01. CIR.98.7.663 11. Poole JE, JohnsonGW, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Callans DJ, Raitt MH, et al. Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(10):1009-17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa071098. 12. Rosenbaum DS, Jackson LE, Smith JM, Garan H, Ruskin JN, Cohen RJ. Electrical alternans and vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(4):235-241. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199401273300402. 13. De Ferrari GM, Sanzo A. T-wave alternans in risk stratification of patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy Can it help to better select candidates for ICD implantation? Heart Rhythm. 2009;6(3 Suppl):S29-35. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.10.008. 14. Salerno-Uriarte JA, De Ferrari GM, Klersy C, Pedretti RF, Tritto M, Sallusti L, et al; ALPHA StudyGroup Investigators. Prognostic value of T-wave alternans in patients with heart failure due to nonischemic cardiomyopathy: results of the ALPHA study. J AmColl Cardiol. 2007;50(19):1896-904. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2007.09.004. 15. ChowT,KereiakesDJ,BartoneC,BoothT,SchlossEJ,WallerT,etal.Microvolt T-wave alternans identifies patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy who benefit from implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(1):50-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.06.079. 16. Tanno K, Ryu S, Watanabe N, Minoura Y, Kawamura M, Asano T, et al. Microvolt T-wave alternans as a predictor of ventricular tachyarrhythmias a prospective study using atrial pacing. Circulation. 2004;109(15):1854-8. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000124717.77777.EC. 17. Gehi AK, Stein RH, Metz LD, Gomes JA. Microvolt T-wave alternans for the risk stratification of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(1):75-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.059. 18. Andrade JP, Marin-Neto JA, Paola AA, Vilas-Boas F, Oliveira GM, Bacal F, et al; SociedadeBrasileiradeCardiologia.[ILatinAmericanguidelinesforthediagnosis and treatment of Chagas cardiomyopathy]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(2 Suppl 3):1-48.doi :http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2011000600002. 19. Brasil.MinistériodaSaúde:SecretariadeAtençãoàSaúde.Portarianº.152,de8 demarçode2007.DefineatravésdaPolíticaNacionaldeAtençãoCardiovascular deAltaComplexidade,oImplantedeMarcapassosdeAltoCusto.DiárioOficial daUnião.PoderExecutivo.Brasilia(DF);09demarçode2007. 20. Brasil.Ministério da Saúde: Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Portaria nº. 1, de 2 de Janeiro de 2014. Atualiza o protocolo do uso do cardioversor desfibrilador implantável a ser adotado nos estabelecimentos de saúde credenciados no Sus. DiárioOficial da União.Poder Executivo. Brasilia(DF); 03 de janeiro de 2014. Seção 1,p.29-32. 21. FletcherGF,AdesPA,KligfieldP,ArenaR,BaladyGJ,BittnerVA,etal;American HeartAssociationExercise,CardiacRehabilitation,andPreventionCommittee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity andMetabolism,CouncilonCardiovascularandStrokeNursing,andCouncil on Epidemiology and Prevention. Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128(8):873-934. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829b5b44. 22. MerchantFM,Salerno-Uriarte JA,CaravatiF,FalconeS,MolonG,Marangoni D, et al. Prospective use of microvolt T-wave alternans testing to guide primary prevention ICD therapy. Circ J. 2015;79(9):1912-9. doi: 10.1253/ circj.CJ-15-0253. 23. Kraaier K, Olimulder MA, vanDessel PF, Wilde AA, ScholtenMF. Prognostic value of microvolt T-wave alternans in a real-world ICDpopulation. Twente ICDCohort Studie (TICS). NethHeart J. 2014;22(10):440-5. doi: 10.1007/ s12471-014-0583-3. 24. KaufmanES,BloomfieldDM,SteinmanRC,NamerowPB,CostantiniO,Cohen RJ,etal.“Indeterminate”microvoltT-wavealternanstestspredicthighriskofdeath orsustainedventriculararrhythmiasinpatientswith leftventriculardysfunction.J AmCollCardiol.2006;48(7):1399-404.doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.06.044. 25. Chow S, Shao J, Wang H. Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research. 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL):Chapman & Hall/CRC;2008 (Biostatistics Series) ISBN:-58488-982-9 26. BarbosaMP, da Costa RochaMO, Neto ES, Brandão FV, Lombardi F, Ribeiro AL. Usefulness of microvolt T-wave alternans for predicting outcome in patients with Chagas disease with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Int J Cardiol. 2016 Nov 1;222:80-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.148. 27. RCore Team. A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria; 2016. [Cited in 2017 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/ 28. Ribeiro AL, Rocha MO, Terranova P, Cesarano M, Nunes MD, Lombardi F. T-wave amplitude variability and the risk of death in Chagas disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2011;22(7):799-805. doi: 10.1111/j.1540- 8167.2010.02000.x. 29. Raadschilders L, BarbosaMP, CarmoAA, Nouwen JL, RochaMO, RibeiroAL. Microvolt T-wave alternans in Chagas disease. Int J Cardiol. 2015;187:7-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.253. 30. Nunes MC, Dones W, Morillo CA, Encina JJ, Ribeiro AL; Council on Chagas Disease of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology. Chagas Disease: an overview of clinical and epidemiological aspects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(9):767-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.046. 31. WilsonLD,RosenbaumDS.Mechanismsofarrythmogeniccardiacalternans. Europace. 2007 Nov;9 Suppl 6:vi77-82. doi: 10.1093/europace/eum210. References 416